Individualized Management of Coagulopathy in Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease.

Over the last decades, individualized approaches and a better understanding of coagulopathy complexity in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients has evolved. The risk of both thrombosis and bleeding during minimally invasive interventions or surgery is associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. Despite deranged quantitative and qualitative coagulation laboratory parameters, prophylactic coagulation management is unnecessary for patients who do not bleed. Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) and blood products carries independent risks for morbidity and mortality, including modulation of the immune system with increased risk for nosocomial infections. Optimal coagulation management in these complex patients should be based on the analysis of standard coagulation tests (SCTs) and viscoelastic tests (VETs). VETs represent an individualized approach to patients and can provide information about coagulation dynamics in a concise period of time. This narrative review will deliver the pathophysiology of deranged hemostasis in ESLD, explore the difficulties of evaluating the coagulopathies in liver disease patients, and examine the use of VET assays and management of coagulopathy using coagulation factors. Methods: A selective literature search with PubMed as the central database was performed with the following.

Allergic reactions to colloid fluids in anesthesia.

Allergic reactions in anesthesia are a rare event, however, might be life threatening when occurred. Clinical manifestations may not be indicative at first, and difficult to differentiate from different situations during operation and anesthesia. Colloids represent a group of fluids often used during perioperative period that, among other adverse reactions, have an allergic potential. Albumin is a natural colloid that has the lowest incidence of these reactions. However, it is found as an additional substance in other blood products, and, therefore, has to be taken into consideration if anaphylaxis occurs. Dextrans cause the most severe reactions due to dextran reactive antibodies. Pretreatment with Dextran 1 may inhibit the reaction. Gelatins have the highest incidence of anaphylaxis among colloids. Patients with history of allergy to some food, vaccines, cosmetics containing gelatin are at greater perioperative risk for anaphylaxis. Not to forget, gelatins are also a part of topical haemostatic agents used in surgery. Testing for colloid allergies is limited due to their pathophysiologic mechanism, so the clinical assessment is usually essential. Treatment of anaphylaxis caused by colloids is the same as for any other cause. This is a review of the most common colloids and their association with allergic reactions in everyday practice.